Cellulose, mafi yawan nau'in polymer na halitta a Duniya, ya ƙunshi wani yanki mai mahimmanci na biomass da kayan masana'antu daban-daban. Mutuncinsa na ban mamaki yana haifar da ƙalubale don ingantaccen rushewar sa, mai mahimmanci ga aikace-aikace kamar samar da albarkatun ruwa da sarrafa sharar gida. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) ya fito a matsayin mai yuwuwar ɗan takara don rushewar cellulose saboda yanayin rashin lafiyar muhalli da kaddarorin oxidizing.
Gabatarwa:
Cellulose, wani polysaccharide wanda ya ƙunshi raka'o'in glucose wanda ke da alaƙa da haɗin gwiwar β-1,4-glycosidic, babban ɓangaren tsari ne a cikin ganuwar tantanin halitta. Yawansa a cikin kwayoyin halitta yana sa ya zama kyakkyawan tushe ga masana'antu daban-daban, ciki har da takarda da ɓangaren litattafan almara, yadi, da makamashin halittu. Duk da haka, ƙaƙƙarfan hanyar haɗin gwiwar hydrogen a cikin fibrils cellulose yana sanya shi juriya ga rushewa a yawancin abubuwan da ake amfani da su, yana haifar da ƙalubale don ingantaccen amfani da sake amfani da shi.
Hanyoyi na al'ada don rushewar cellulose sun haɗa da yanayi mai tsauri, kamar ma'aunin acid ko ruwa mai ion, waɗanda galibi ana danganta su da matsalolin muhalli da yawan amfani da kuzari. Sabanin haka, hydrogen peroxide yana ba da madaidaici mai ban sha'awa saboda yanayin yanayin iskar oxygen ɗin sa da yuwuwar sarrafa cellulose mai dacewa da muhalli. Wannan takarda ta zurfafa cikin hanyoyin da ke haifar da rushewar cellulose na hydrogen peroxide kuma yana kimanta ingancinsa da aikace-aikace masu amfani.
Hanyoyin Rushewar Cellulose ta Hydrogen Peroxide:
Rushewar cellulose ta hanyar hydrogen peroxide ya ƙunshi hadaddun halayen sinadarai, da farko ɓarkewar oxidative na haɗin gwiwar glycosidic da rushewar haɗin gwiwar hydrogen ta intermolecular. Tsarin yawanci yana gudana ta matakai masu zuwa:
Oxidation na Hydroxyl Groups: Hydrogen peroxide amsa tare da cellulose hydroxyl kungiyoyin, kai ga samuwar hydroxyl radicals (•OH) via Fenton ko Fenton-kamar halayen a gaban miƙa mulki karfe ions. Waɗannan masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suna kai hari ga haɗin gwiwar glycosidic, suna farawa sarkar almakashi da haifar da guntun guntun cellulose.
Rushewar Haɗin Hydrogen: Masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Hydroxyl kuma suna rushe hanyar haɗin gwiwar hydrogen tsakanin sarƙoƙi na cellulose, suna raunana tsarin gaba ɗaya da sauƙaƙe warwarewa.
Samar da Abubuwan Soluble: Lalacewar oxidative na cellulose yana haifar da samuwar tsaka-tsaki masu narkewar ruwa, irin su acid carboxylic, aldehydes, da ketones. Waɗannan abubuwan haɓaka suna ba da gudummawa ga tsarin narkewa ta hanyar haɓaka narkewa da rage danko.
Depolymerization da Fragmentation: Ci gaba da hadawan abu da iskar shaka da cleavage halayen haifar da depolymerization na cellulose sarƙoƙi a cikin guntu oligomers da kuma kyakkyawan mai narkewa sugars ko wasu low-molecul-nauyin kayayyakin.
Abubuwan Da Suke Shafar Rushewar Cellulose Mai Rarraba Hydrogen Peroxide:
Amfanin rushewar cellulose ta amfani da hydrogen peroxide yana tasiri da abubuwa daban-daban, ciki har da:
Matsakaicin Hydrogen Peroxide: Yawan adadin hydrogen peroxide yawanci yana haifar da saurin amsawa da mafi girman lalata cellulose. Koyaya, babban taro mai yawa na iya haifar da halayen gefe ko samfuran da ba'a so.
pH da Zazzabi: pH na matsakaicin amsawa yana rinjayar tsararrun radicals na hydroxyl da kwanciyar hankali na abubuwan da aka samo asali na cellulose. Matsakaicin yanayin acidic (pH 3-5) galibi ana fifita su don haɓaka solubility na cellulose ba tare da raguwa mai yawa ba. Bugu da ƙari, zafin jiki yana rinjayar motsin motsi, tare da yanayin zafi gabaɗaya yana haɓaka aikin rushewa.
Kasancewar Masu Taimakawa: Ƙarfe na canzawa, irin su ƙarfe ko jan ƙarfe, na iya haifar da bazuwar hydrogen peroxide da haɓaka samuwar hydroxyl radicals. Koyaya, zaɓin mai haɓakawa da tattarawar sa dole ne a inganta shi a hankali don rage halayen gefe da tabbatar da ingancin samfur.
Halin Halitta na Cellulose da Crystallinity: Samun damar sarƙoƙin cellulose zuwa hydrogen peroxide da radicals hydroxyl yana tasiri ta hanyar ilimin halittar abu da tsarin crystalline. Yankunan amorphous sun fi sauƙi ga lalacewa fiye da yankunan crystalline sosai, suna buƙatar pretreatment ko dabarun gyara don inganta samun dama.
Fa'idodi da Aikace-aikace na Hydrogen Peroxide a cikin Rushewar Cellulose:
Hydrogen peroxide yana ba da fa'idodi da yawa don rushewar cellulose idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin al'ada:
Daidaituwar Muhalli: Ba kamar ƙananan sinadarai irin su sulfuric acid ko chlorinated kaushi ba, hydrogen peroxide yana da ɗanɗano mara kyau kuma yana lalacewa cikin ruwa da oxygen a ƙarƙashin yanayi mara kyau. Wannan halayen da ke da alaƙa da muhalli ya sa ya dace da ɗorewar sarrafa cellulose da gyaran sharar gida.
Yanayi Mai Sauƙi: Ana iya aiwatar da narkarwar cellulose mai tsaka-tsakin hydrogen peroxide a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai sauƙi na zafin jiki da matsa lamba, rage yawan amfani da makamashi da farashin aiki idan aka kwatanta da babban zafin jiki na acid hydrolysis ko jiyya na ruwa na ionic.
Zaɓin Oxidation: Ana iya sarrafa ɓarkewar oxidative na haɗin glycosidic ta hydrogen peroxide zuwa ɗan lokaci, yana ba da damar zaɓin gyare-gyare na sarƙoƙin cellulose da samar da abubuwan da aka keɓance tare da takamaiman kaddarorin.
Aikace-aikace iri-iri: Abubuwan da aka samo asali na cellulose mai narkewa da aka samu daga narkar da tsaka-tsakin hydrogen peroxide suna da yuwuwar aikace-aikace a fagage daban-daban, gami da samar da man biofuel, kayan aiki, na'urorin likitanci, da kuma kula da ruwan sharar gida.
Kalubale da Hanyoyi na gaba:
Duk da kyawawan halayensa, rushewar cellulose mai matsakaicin hydrogen peroxide yana fuskantar ƙalubale da wurare da yawa don ingantawa:
Zaɓa da Haɓaka: Samun yawan amfanin ƙasa mai narkewa na cellulose tare da ƙarancin halayen gefe ya kasance ƙalubale, musamman ga hadadden kayan abinci na biomass mai ɗauke da lignin da hemicellulose.
Sikeli-Up da Tsari Haɗin Kai: Haɓaka matakai na rushewar cellulose na tushen hydrogen peroxide zuwa matakan masana'antu yana buƙatar yin la'akari da hankali na ƙirar reactor, dawo da sauran ƙarfi, da matakan sarrafa ƙasa don tabbatar da dorewar tattalin arziƙi da dorewar muhalli.
Haɓaka Haɓakawa: Zane na ingantattun abubuwan haɓaka don kunna hydrogen peroxide da iskar oxygen ta cellulose yana da mahimmanci don haɓaka ƙimar amsawa da zaɓi yayin da rage girman ƙarar kuzari da samuwar samfur.
Ƙididdiga ta Ƙaƙƙarfan Kayayyakin: Dabarun ƙididdige samfuran da aka samar a lokacin rushewar cellulose mai tsaka-tsakin hydrogen peroxide, kamar acid carboxylic ko oligomeric sugars, na iya ƙara haɓaka dawwamammen dorewa da ci gaban tattalin arziƙin tsarin.
Hydrogen peroxide yana ƙunshe da alƙawari mai mahimmanci azaman kore kuma mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi don rushewar cellulose, yana ba da fa'idodi kamar daidaitawar muhalli, yanayi mai sauƙi, da zaɓin iskar shaka. Duk da kalubalen da ke gudana, ci gaba da yunƙurin bincike da ke da nufin bayyana hanyoyin da ke ƙasa, haɓaka sigogin amsawa, da bincika aikace-aikacen sabon labari zai ƙara haɓaka haɓakawa da dorewar hanyoyin tushen hydrogen peroxide don haɓakar cellulose.
Lokacin aikawa: Afrilu-10-2024