1. Wajabcin rike ruwa
Duk nau'ikan sansanonin da ke buƙatar turmi don gini suna da takamaiman matakin sha ruwa. Bayan da tushe Layer ya sha ruwa a cikin turmi, da constructability na turmi za a lalace, kuma a cikin tsanani lokuta, simintious abu a cikin turmi ba zai zama cikakken hydrated, haifar da low ƙarfi, musamman ma mu'amala da karfi tsakanin taurare turmi. da tushe Layer , yana sa turmi ya fashe kuma ya fadi. Idan turmi plastering yana da aikin riƙe ruwa mai dacewa, ba zai iya inganta aikin ginin turmi kawai ba, amma kuma ya sa ruwa a cikin turmi yana da wuyar shanyewa ta hanyar tushe kuma tabbatar da isasshen ruwa na siminti.
2. Matsaloli tare da hanyoyin kiyaye ruwa na gargajiya
Maganin gargajiya shine shayar da tushe, amma ba zai yuwu a tabbatar da cewa tushen yana da ruwa daidai ba. Manufar hydration manufa na siminti turmi a kan tushe shi ne cewa siminti hydration samfurin sha ruwa tare da tushe, shiga cikin tushe, da kuma samar da wani tasiri "maɓalli mahada" tare da tushe, don cimma da ake bukata ƙarfin bond. Shayarwa kai tsaye a saman tushe zai haifar da mummunar tarwatsewa a cikin shayar da ruwa na tushe saboda bambance-bambancen yanayin zafi, lokacin shayarwa, da daidaiton ruwa. Tushen yana da ƙarancin sha ruwa kuma zai ci gaba da sha ruwan a cikin turmi. Kafin ci gaba da ciminti hydration, ruwan yana sha, wanda ke shafar simintin hydration da shigar da samfuran ruwa a cikin matrix; tushe yana da babban shayar ruwa, kuma ruwan da ke cikin turmi yana gudana zuwa tushe. Matsakaicin gudun hijira yana jinkirin, har ma an samar da ruwa mai wadataccen ruwa tsakanin turmi da matrix, wanda kuma yana shafar ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa. Sabili da haka, yin amfani da hanyar shayarwa na yau da kullum ba kawai zai kasa magance matsalar yawan shayar da ruwa na bango ba, amma zai shafi ƙarfin haɗin kai tsakanin turmi da tushe, wanda zai haifar da raguwa da raguwa.
3. Abubuwan buƙatun turmi daban-daban don riƙe ruwa
Maƙasudin adadin riƙon ruwa don shafa kayan turmi da aka yi amfani da su a wani yanki da kuma wuraren da ke da yanayin zafi da zafi iri ɗaya ana samarwa a ƙasa.
①High ruwa sha substrate plaster turmi
High ruwa sha substrates wakilta da iska-entrained kankare, ciki har da daban-daban nauyi bangare allon, tubalan, da dai sauransu, suna da halaye na babban ruwa sha da kuma dogon duration. Turmi da aka yi amfani da shi don irin wannan nau'in tushe ya kamata ya kasance yana da adadin ajiyar ruwa wanda bai gaza 88% ba.
②Ƙananan shayar da ruwa mai ɗorewa
Ƙananan abubuwan sha na ruwa wanda aka wakilta ta simintin simintin gyare-gyare, gami da allunan polystyrene don rufin bango na waje, da sauransu, suna da ɗan ƙaramin sha ruwa. Turmi da aka yi amfani da shi don irin waɗannan abubuwan ya kamata ya kasance yana da adadin riƙon ruwa wanda bai gaza 88% ba.
③ Bakin ciki plastering turmi
Plasering na bakin ciki yana nufin aikin plastering tare da kauri mai kauri tsakanin 3 zuwa 8 mm. Irin wannan aikin plastering yana da sauƙi don rasa danshi saboda bakin ciki mai laushi, wanda ke rinjayar aiki da ƙarfin aiki. Domin turmi da aka yi amfani da shi don irin wannan nau'in filasta, yawan ajiyar ruwa bai wuce 99% ba.
④ Tumi mai kauri mai kauri
Mai kauri mai kauri yana nufin aikin plastering inda kauri ɗaya ya kasance tsakanin 8mm da 20mm. Irin wannan aikin plastering ba shi da sauƙi a rasa ruwa saboda kauri mai kauri, don haka yawan riƙe ruwa na plastering turmi kada ya zama ƙasa da 88%.
⑤ Ruwa mai jure ruwa
Ana amfani da putty mai jure ruwa azaman kayan shafa mai ƙorafi, kuma kauri na gaba ɗaya yana tsakanin 1 zuwa 2mm. Irin waɗannan kayan suna buƙatar kaddarorin riƙe ruwa masu tsayi don tabbatar da aikinsu da ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa. Don kayan sawa, adadin ruwan sa bai kamata ya zama ƙasa da 99% ba, kuma adadin riƙon ruwa na putty na bangon waje ya kamata ya fi na putty na bangon ciki.
4. Nau'o'in kayan ajiyar ruwa
Cellulose ether
1) Methyl cellulose ether (MC)
2) Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)
3) Hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HEC)
4) Carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC)
5) Hydroxyethyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HEMC)
Sitaci ether
1) Gyaran sitaci ether
2) Guar ether
Canji mai kauri mai riƙe ruwan ma'adinai (montmorillonite, bentonite, da sauransu)
Biyar, mai zuwa yana mai da hankali kan aikin kayan aiki daban-daban
1. Cellulose ether
1.1 Bayani na Cellulose Ether
Cellulose ether shine kalma na gaba ɗaya don jerin samfurori da aka kafa ta hanyar amsawar alkali cellulose da etherification a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi. Ana samun ethers daban-daban na cellulose saboda an maye gurbin fiber na alkali ta hanyar nau'ikan etherification daban-daban. Bisa ga kaddarorin ionization na masu maye gurbinsa, ana iya raba ethers cellulose zuwa kashi biyu: ionic, irin su carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), da nonionic, irin su methyl cellulose (MC).
Dangane da nau'ikan maye gurbin, ana iya raba ethers cellulose zuwa monoethers, irin su methyl cellulose ether (MC), da gauraye ethers, irin su hydroxyethyl carboxymethyl cellulose ether (HECMC). Dangane da kaushi daban-daban da yake narkar da shi, ana iya raba shi zuwa nau'i biyu: mai narkewar ruwa da sauran ƙarfi mai narkewa.
1.2 Babban nau'in cellulose
Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), mataki mai amfani na maye gurbin: 0.4-1.4; etherification wakili, monooxyacetic acid; narkar da ƙarfi, ruwa;
Carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (CMHEC), mataki mai amfani na maye gurbin: 0.7-1.0; etherification wakili, monooxyacetic acid, ethylene oxide; narkar da ƙarfi, ruwa;
Methylcellulose (MC), digiri mai amfani na maye gurbin: 1.5-2.4; etherification wakili, methyl chloride; narkar da ƙarfi, ruwa;
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), mataki mai amfani na maye gurbin: 1.3-3.0; etherification wakili, ethylene oxide; narkar da ƙarfi, ruwa;
Hydroxyethyl methylcellulose (HEMC), mataki mai amfani na maye gurbin: 1.5-2.0; etherification wakili, ethylene oxide, methyl chloride; narkar da ƙarfi, ruwa;
Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), mataki mai amfani na maye gurbin: 2.5-3.5; etherification wakili, propylene oxide; narkar da ƙarfi, ruwa;
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), mataki mai amfani na maye gurbin: 1.5-2.0; etherification wakili, propylene oxide, methyl chloride; narkar da ƙarfi, ruwa;
Ethyl cellulose (EC), mataki mai amfani na maye gurbin: 2.3-2.6; etherification wakili, monochloroethane; narkar da ƙarfi, kwayoyin ƙarfi;
Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), mataki mai amfani na maye gurbin: 2.4-2.8; etherification wakili, monochloroethane, ethylene oxide; narkar da ƙarfi, kwayoyin ƙarfi;
1.3 Abubuwan da ke cikin cellulose
1.3.1 Methyl cellulose ether (MC)
①Methylcellulose yana narkewa a cikin ruwan sanyi, kuma zai yi wuya a narke cikin ruwan zafi. Maganin ruwan sa yana da ƙarfi sosai a cikin kewayon PH=3-12. Yana da kyau dacewa tare da sitaci, guar danko, da dai sauransu da yawa surfactants. Lokacin da zafin jiki ya kai ga zafin jiki na gelation, gelation yana faruwa.
② Riƙewar ruwa na methylcellulose ya dogara da adadin adadinsa, danko, fineness barbashi da rushewar kudi. Gabaɗaya, idan adadin ƙari yana da girma, ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarami ne, kuma danko yana da girma, riƙewar ruwa yana da girma. Daga cikin su, adadin ƙarawa yana da tasiri mafi girma akan riƙewar ruwa, kuma mafi ƙarancin danko ba daidai ba ne kai tsaye zuwa matakin riƙewar ruwa. A rushe kudi yafi dogara a kan mataki na surface gyara na cellulose barbashi da barbashi fineness. Daga cikin ethers cellulose, methyl cellulose yana da mafi girman yawan ajiyar ruwa.
③ Canjin zafin jiki zai yi tasiri sosai akan adadin riƙe ruwa na methyl cellulose. Gabaɗaya, mafi girman zafin jiki, mafi munin riƙewar ruwa. Idan zafin turmi ya wuce 40 ° C, ajiyar ruwa na methyl cellulose zai zama mara kyau, wanda zai yi tasiri sosai ga ginin turmi.
④ Methyl cellulose yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan ginawa da adhesion na turmi. “Maɗaukaki” a nan yana nufin ƙarfin mannewa da ake ji tsakanin kayan aikin ma’aikaci da katangar bango, wato, juriyar juriyar turmi. Manne yana da girma, juriya na juriya na turmi yana da girma, kuma ma'aikata suna buƙatar ƙarin ƙarfi yayin amfani, kuma aikin ginin turmi ya zama mara kyau. Methyl cellulose adhesion yana a matsakaicin matakin a cikin samfuran ether cellulose.
1.3.2 Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose samfurin fiber ne wanda fitarwa da amfaninsa ke karuwa cikin sauri a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.
Yana da ether wanda ba na ionic cellulose ba wanda aka yi daga auduga mai ladabi bayan alkalization, ta yin amfani da propylene oxide da methyl chloride a matsayin magungunan etherification, kuma ta hanyar jerin halayen. Matsakaicin maye gaba ɗaya shine 1.5-2.0. Kaddarorinsa sun bambanta saboda bambancin rabo na abun ciki na methoxyl da abun ciki na hydroxypropyl. Babban abun ciki na methoxyl da ƙananan abun ciki na hydroxypropyl, aikin yana kusa da methyl cellulose; ƙananan abun ciki na methoxyl da babban abun ciki na hydroxypropyl, aikin yana kusa da hydroxypropyl cellulose.
①Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose yana da sauƙin narkewa a cikin ruwan sanyi, kuma zai yi wuya a narke a cikin ruwan zafi. Amma zafinsa na gelation a cikin ruwan zafi yana da girma fiye da na methyl cellulose. Solubility a cikin ruwan sanyi kuma yana inganta sosai idan aka kwatanta da methyl cellulose.
② Dankin hydroxypropyl methylcellulose yana da alaƙa da nauyin kwayoyin halitta, kuma mafi girman nauyin kwayoyin halitta, mafi girma da danko. Hakanan yanayin zafi yana rinjayar danko, yayin da zafin jiki ya karu, danko yana raguwa. Amma dankin sa ba shi da tasiri da zafin jiki fiye da methyl cellulose. Maganin sa yana da ƙarfi idan an adana shi a cikin zafin jiki.
③ Riƙewar ruwa na hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ya dogara ne akan ƙarin adadinsa, danko, da dai sauransu, kuma yawan riƙewar ruwansa a ƙarƙashin adadin ƙari iri ɗaya ya fi na methyl cellulose girma.
④Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose yana da kwanciyar hankali ga acid da alkali, kuma maganin sa na ruwa yana da matukar kwanciyar hankali a cikin kewayon PH = 2-12. Caustic soda da ruwan lemun tsami suna da ɗan tasiri akan aikin sa, amma alkali na iya hanzarta rushewar kuma ya ɗan ƙara danko. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ya tsaya tsayin daka ga gishiri na kowa, amma lokacin da maida hankali na maganin gishiri ya yi girma, dankowar maganin hydroxypropyl methylcellulose yana kula da karuwa.
⑤Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose za a iya haxa shi da ruwa mai narkewa polymers don samar da uniform da m bayani tare da mafi girma danko. Kamar polyvinyl barasa, sitaci ether, kayan lambu danko, da dai sauransu.
⑥ Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose yana da mafi kyawun juriya na enzyme fiye da methylcellulose, kuma maganinsa yana da wuya a lalata shi ta hanyar enzymes fiye da methylcellulose.
⑦Adhesion na hydroxypropyl methylcellulose zuwa turmi gini ya fi na methylcellulose.
1.3.3 Hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HEC)
An yi shi daga auduga mai ladabi da aka yi da alkali, kuma an yi shi da ethylene oxide a matsayin wakili na etherification a gaban acetone. Matsakaicin maye gaba ɗaya shine 1.5-2.0. Yana da karfi hydrophilicity kuma yana da sauƙin sha danshi.
①Hydroxyethyl cellulose yana narkewa a cikin ruwan sanyi, amma yana da wuya a narke cikin ruwan zafi. Maganin sa yana da ƙarfi a babban zafin jiki ba tare da gelling ba. Ana iya amfani da shi na dogon lokaci a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi mai zafi a turmi, amma riƙewar ruwa ya fi na methyl cellulose.
②Hydroxyethyl cellulose yana da karko ga janar acid da alkali. Alkaki na iya hanzarta narkarwarsa kuma ya dan kara danko. Rarrabuwar sa a cikin ruwa ya ɗan yi muni fiye da na methyl cellulose da hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
③Hydroxyethyl cellulose yana da kyakkyawan aikin anti-sag don turmi, amma yana da lokaci mai tsawo don ciminti.
④ Ayyukan hydroxyethyl cellulose da wasu masana'antun cikin gida ke samarwa a fili ya yi ƙasa da na methyl cellulose saboda yawan ruwa da abun ciki na toka.
1.3.4 Carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC) an yi shi da na halitta zaruruwa (auduga, hemp, da dai sauransu) bayan alkali magani, ta yin amfani da sodium monochloroacetate a matsayin etherification wakili, da kuma jurewa jerin dauki jiyya don yin ionic cellulose ether. Matsakaicin maye gabaɗaya shine 0.4-1.4, kuma matakin maye gurbin aikinsa yana tasiri sosai.
① Carboxymethyl cellulose ne sosai hygroscopic, kuma zai ƙunshi babban adadin ruwa lokacin da aka adana a karkashin general yanayi.
②Hydroxymethyl cellulose mai ruwa bayani ba zai samar da gel ba, kuma danko zai ragu tare da yawan zafin jiki. Lokacin da zafin jiki ya wuce 50 ℃, danko ba zai iya jurewa ba.
③ Ana samun kwanciyar hankali da kwanciyar hankali ta pH. Gabaɗaya, ana iya amfani da shi a cikin turmi na tushen gypsum, amma ba a cikin turmi na tushen siminti ba. Lokacin da alkaline sosai, yana rasa danko.
④ Riƙewar ruwansa yayi ƙasa da na methyl cellulose. Yana da tasiri mai tasiri akan turmi na tushen gypsum kuma yana rage ƙarfinsa. Duk da haka, farashin carboxymethyl cellulose yana da ƙasa sosai fiye da na methyl cellulose.
2. Gyaran sitaci ether
Ethers sitaci gabaɗaya da ake amfani da su a cikin turmi ana gyara su daga polymers na wasu polysaccharides. Irin su dankalin turawa, masara, rogo, guar wake, da sauransu ana canza su zuwa nau'ikan ethers da aka gyara. The sitaci ethers da aka saba amfani da su a turmi su ne hydroxypropyl sitaci ether, hydroxymethyl sitaci ether, da dai sauransu.
Gabaɗaya, sitaci ethers da aka gyara daga dankali, masara, da rogo suna da ƙarancin riƙe ruwa fiye da ethers cellulose. Saboda nau'in gyare-gyare daban-daban, yana nuna kwanciyar hankali daban-daban ga acid da alkali. Wasu samfurori sun dace don amfani da su a cikin turmi na gypsum, yayin da wasu ba za a iya amfani da su a cikin turmi na ciminti ba. Aikace-aikacen sitaci ether a cikin turmi ana amfani da shi ne azaman mai kauri don inganta kayan hana lalata turmi, rage manne da rigar turmi, da tsawaita lokacin buɗewa.
Ana amfani da ethers na sitaci sau da yawa tare da cellulose, yana haifar da ƙarin kaddarorin da fa'idodin samfuran biyu. Tunda samfuran sitaci ether sun fi rahusa fiye da ether cellulose, aikace-aikacen sitaci ether a cikin turmi zai kawo raguwa mai yawa a cikin farashin ƙirar turmi.
3. Guar gum ether
Guar gum ether wani nau'i ne na etherified polysaccharide tare da kaddarorin musamman, wanda aka gyara daga wake gua na halitta. Yafi ta hanyar etherification dauki tsakanin guar danko da acrylic ayyuka kungiyoyin, an kafa wani tsari dauke da 2-hydroxypropyl ayyuka kungiyoyin, wanda shi ne polygalactomannose tsarin.
① Idan aka kwatanta da ether cellulose, guar gum ether ya fi sauƙi narke cikin ruwa. PH m ba shi da wani tasiri a kan aikin guar gum ether.
②A ƙarƙashin yanayin ƙarancin danko da ƙarancin ƙima, guar gum na iya maye gurbin ether cellulose a daidai adadin, kuma yana da irin wannan riƙewar ruwa. Amma daidaito, anti-sag, thixotropy da sauransu an inganta su a fili.
③A ƙarƙashin yanayin babban danko da babban sashi, guar danko ba zai iya maye gurbin ether cellulose ba, kuma gauraye amfani da su biyu zai samar da mafi kyawun aiki.
④ Aikace-aikacen guar gum a cikin turmi na tushen gypsum na iya rage yawan mannewa yayin ginin kuma ya sa ginin ya fi sauƙi. Ba shi da wani mummunan tasiri akan saita lokaci da ƙarfin turmi gypsum.
⑤ Lokacin da guar danko aka shafa da siminti tushen masonry da plastering turmi, zai iya maye gurbin cellulose ether a daidai adadin, da kuma ba da turmi da mafi kyau sagging juriya, thixotropy da santsi na gini.
⑥ A cikin turmi tare da babban danko da babban abun ciki na wakili mai riƙe da ruwa, guar gum da cellulose ether za su yi aiki tare don cimma kyakkyawan sakamako.
⑦ Hakanan za'a iya amfani da ƙugiya a cikin samfura irin su tile adhesives, abubuwan daidaita kai na ƙasa, putty mai jure ruwa, da turmi polymer don rufin bango.
4. Gyaran ma'adinai mai ɗaukar ruwa mai kauri
An yi amfani da kauri mai riƙe ruwa da aka yi da ma'adanai na halitta ta hanyar gyare-gyare da haɗawa a cikin Sin. Babban ma'adanai da ake amfani da su don shirya kauri mai riƙe ruwa sune: sepiolite, bentonite, montmorillonite, kaolin, da dai sauransu. Waɗannan ma'adanai suna da wasu abubuwan da ke riƙe ruwa da kauri ta hanyar gyare-gyare kamar abubuwan haɗin gwiwa. Irin wannan kauri mai riƙe ruwa da ake yi wa turmi yana da halaye masu zuwa.
① Yana iya muhimmanci inganta yi na talakawa turmi, da kuma warware matsalolin matalauta operability na siminti turmi, low ƙarfi gauraye turmi, da matalauta ruwa juriya.
② Ana iya samar da samfuran turmi tare da matakan ƙarfi daban-daban don masana'antu gabaɗaya da gine-ginen farar hula.
③ Farashin kayan yana da ƙasa.
④ Ruwan ruwa yana da ƙasa da na kwayoyin ruwa na kwayoyin halitta, kuma busassun bushewar ƙima na turmi da aka shirya yana da girma, kuma an rage haɗin kai.
Lokacin aikawa: Maris-03-2023